Isingeniso
Amabhawudi ayizingxenye ezibalulekile kumishini yezimboni nezinhlelo zesakhiwo. Ezindaweni zokushisa{{1}eziphezulu, amabhawodi akumele amelane nemithwalo esindayo kuphela kodwa futhi nokushisa okukhulu, ukunwetshwa kwe-thermal, i-oxidation, kanye{2}}nengcindezi yesikhathi eside. Izimboni ezifana nokuphehla ugesi, ukucubungula kwe-petrochemical, i-aerospace, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, i-metallurgy, nokukhiqizwa kwesithando somlilo sezimboni konke kuncike{4}}kumabhawodi wezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ukuze kugcinwe ukuqina kwemishini nokuphepha kokusebenza.
Ukukhetha amabhawodi angalungile ezimo zokushisa eziphakeme kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu. Ukushisa okudlulele kungase kunciphise amandla aqinile, kwenze buthaka amandla okubamba, kusheshise ukugqwala, noma kubangele ukuwohloka kwe-creep ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuhluleka kwebhawodi kungaholela ekuvaleni kwemishini, izingozi zokuphepha, ukulungiswa okubizayo, nokulahlekelwa kokukhiqiza.
Abathengi abaningi bezimboni bagxila kakhulu kusayizi webhawodi kanye nebanga lamandla, kodwa{0}}izicelo zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga ukucatshangelwa okujule kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwezinto, ukumelana ne-oxidation, ukusebenza kokukhathala okushisayo, idizayini yochungechunge, nezindlela zokufaka konke kuthonya ukwethembeka kwebhawodi ngaphansi kokuchayeka ekushiseni.
Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi ungakhetha kanjani amabhawodi alungile-ezimo zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu futhi sigqamisa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta ukusebenza kokuqiniswa kwezimo ezidingekayo zezimboni.
Qonda Izimo Zokusebenza Zezindawo-Zezinga Lokushisa Eziphezulu
Ngaphambi kokukhetha ama-bolts, kuyadingeka ukuhlola indawo yokusebenza yangempela. Izimo ezihlukene zokushisa zidinga izinto ezihlukene zamabhawodi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
Khomba Ibanga Lezinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwemishini. Amanye amasistimu asebenza ngokuqhubekayo emazingeni okushisa aphakathi nendawo azungeze ama-degree angu-200 kuya kwangu-400, kuyilapho amanye engase eqe ama-degree angu-800 noma ngisho ne-1000℃ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni ngokwedlulele.
Amabhawodi ensimbi ye-carbon steel angenza kahle emazingeni okushisa ajwayelekile, kodwa amandla awo ehla ngokushesha ngaphansi kokuchayeka ekushiseni isikhathi eside. Izinhlelo zokusebenza-zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga amabhawodi aklanywe ngokukhethekile ukuze kugcinwe izakhiwo zemishini emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
Onjiniyela kufanele futhi bahlukanise phakathi kwezinga lokushisa eliqhubekayo lokusebenza kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu. Ukuchayeka-isikhathi esifushane ekushiseni okukhulu kungase kudinge izinto ezihlukile zebhawodi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuchayeka{2}}kwesikhathi eside sokushisa okuqhubekayo.
Hlaziya Izimo Zokuhamba Ngebhayisikili Eshisayo
Amasistimu amaningi ezimboni athola imijikelezo yokushisisa nokupholisa ephindaphindiwe. Ama-boiler, amasistimu e-exhaust, ama-turbines, nama-reactors ezimboni ngokuvamile ayanda ngesikhathi sokusebenza nenkontileka phakathi nezikhathi zokuvala.
Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okushisayo kudala ingcindezi ngaphakathi kwamabhawudi nezingxenye ezixhunyiwe. Ukwandiswa nokufinyela okuphindaphindiwe kungase kuxegise amalunga noma kubangele imifantu yokukhathala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhathala okushisayo kungenza buthaka isibambiso futhi kwandise ingozi yokwehluleka.
Amabhawudi asetshenziswa ezindaweni zamabhayisikili ashisayo kufanele anikeze ukumelana okuqinile nokukhathala namandla okubamba azinzile ngaphansi kokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa.
Linganisa Izimfuneko Zomthwalo Nengcindezi
Izisetshenziswa{0}}zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokuvamile zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo kanye nengcindezi yangaphakathi. Izishintshisi zokushisa, amapayipi esitimu, imikhumbi yokucindezela, neziko zasezimbonini zibeka ingcindezi enkulu ezinhlelweni zokubopha.
Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, izinto zebhawudi zilahlekelwa ingxenye yamandla azo aqinile. Lokhu kuncipha kwamandla kuthinta ikhono lamabhawodi ukugcina ukulayisha kuqala nobuqotho obuhlangene.
Ukukhetha amabhawodi anomthwalo owanele-umthamo wokuthwala ezingeni lokushisa lokushisa kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwemishini.
Hlola Ukuchayeka Kwemvelo
Izinga lokushisa akuyona ukuphela kwesici esithinta ukusebenza kwebhawodi. Izindawo zokushisa{1}eziphezulu zingase futhi zifake i-oxidation, umswakama, amakhemikhali, noma amagesi abolayo.
Ngokwesibonelo:
Izinhlelo zasolwandle zihlanganisa ukushisa kanye nokuchayeka kwamanzi anosawoti
Izitshalo zamakhemikhali zibeka obala amabhawodi kuma-asidi nakuma-vapore abolayo
Impahla yesithando somlilo ibhekene ne-oxidation ebangelwa ukuchayeka komoya oshisayo okuqhubekayo
Khetha I-Bolt Material Elungile Yokumelana Nokushisa
Ukukhetha okokusebenza kungesinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu-ezisetshenziswayo zebhawudi lokushisa eliphezulu. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezihlukene zinikeza amazinga ahlukene okumelana nokushisa, ukugcinwa kwamandla, nokuvikelwa kwe-oxidation.
I-Carbon Steel Bolts kanye Nemikhawulo Yabo Yezinga lokushisa
Amabhothi ensimbi ye-Carbon asetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini yezimboni ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi namandla amahle emishini. Nokho, ukumelana kwazo nezinga lokushisa kulinganiselwe.
Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, i-carbon steel kancane kancane ilahlekelwa ubulukhuni namandla aqinile. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekushiseni kungase futhi kusheshise i-oxidation kanye nokukala.
Amabhawudi ensimbi e-carbon steel ngokuvamile afaneleka kuphela-ezisetshenziswa ezisezingeni lokushisa ezimaphakathi. Izingubo zokuzivikela zingathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala, kodwa azikwazi ukuvimbela ngokugcwele ukulahlekelwa amandla ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu.
Kumasistimu emboni{0}}ezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izinto eziqinile nezingashisi kakhulu{1}} zivame ukudingeka.
I-alloy Steel Bolts Amandla-Aphezulu Ezinga lokushisa
Amabhawudi ensimbi aqukethe izinto ezengeziwe ezifana ne-chromium, i-molybdenum, ne-vanadium. Lezi zakhi zithuthukisa ukumelana nokushisa, ubulukhuni, nokuzinza kwemishini.
I-Chromium-i-molybdenum alloy steel bolts ivamise ukusetshenziswa{1}}emikhunjini yomfutho wezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, amabhayela, izinjini zomoya, nezinto zokusebenza ze-petrochemical. Agcina amandla aphezulu okuqinile ngaphansi kokushisa uma kuqhathaniswa namabhawudi ensimbi ekhabhoni ajwayelekile.
Izinsimbi{0}}ezifakwe i-alloy steel fasteners zihlinzeka kangcono ukumelana nokukhathala kanye nokunganyakazi, okuzenza zifanelekele{1}}ukusebenza isikhathi eside kwezimboni.
Amabhawodi Ensimbi Engagqwali Okumelana Nokushisa Nokugqwala
Amabhawodi ensimbi engagqwali anikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-oxidation emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
Amabanga ajwayelekile ensimbi engagqwali afaka:
304 insimbi engagqwali yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile zezimboni
316 insimbi engagqwali yendawo ebolayo neyasolwandle
310 insimbi engagqwali yokumelana nokushisa okwedlulele
Izinto Ezikhethekile{0}}zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu
Izimboni ezithile zidinga izinto zokubopha ezithuthukisiwe zezimo zokusebenza ezidlulele.
Amabhawudi e-nickel alloy anikeza ukumelana okuvelele nokushisa, i-oxidation, nokugqwala kwamakhemikhali.
Lawa mabhawodi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinjinini ze-aerospace, izinjini zegesi, nasezimbonini zokucubungula amakhemikhali.
Amabhawodi e-Titanium ahlanganisa izakhiwo ezingasindi nokumelana nokushisa okuqinile. I-Aerospace kanye{1}}nezimboni zezimoto ezisebenza kahle zivame ukusebenzisa izibophelelo ze-titanium ukuze zehlise isisindo kuyilapho zigcina ukwethembeka.
Cabangela Izakhiwo Zemishini kanye Nokusebenza Kwe-Bolt
Izinhlelo zokusebenza{0}}zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zidinga okungaphezu kokumelana nokushisa okulula. Ama-bolts kufanele futhi agcine ukusebenza komshini ngaphansi kwengcindezi eqhubekayo kanye nokuchayeka kokushisa.
Amandla Aqinile Emazingeni Okushisa Aphakeme
Amandla okuqina akala ubukhulu bomthwalo ibhawudi elingamelana nalo ngaphambi kokuphuka. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, amandla okuqina ayancipha.
Ibhawodi elisebenza kahle ekamelweni lingase libe buthakathaka kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphakeme. Ngalesi sizathu, onjiniyela kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi bahlaziye idatha-yamandla ezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kunokuthembela kuphela kuzicaciso zegumbi{2}}ezijwayelekile.
I-Creep Resistance
I-Creep ingenye yezinto ezikhathazayo ezibaluleke kakhulu-ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziqinisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. I-Creep isho ukuwohloka okuhamba kancane nokungapheli kwento engaphansi kwengcindezi nokushisa okuqhubekayo.
Ngisho noma umthwalo osetshenzisiwe uhlala ungaphansi komkhawulo wamandla aqinile, ukuchayeka{0}}kokushisa kwesikhathi eside kunganweba kancane kancane ibhawodi futhi kunciphise amandla okubamba.
Ukumelana ne-Creep kubaluleke kakhulu ku:
Ama-boilers
Izinjini ze-steam
Imikhumbi yokucindezela
Ama-reactors embonini
Imihlangano yesithando somlilo
Ukumelana Nokukhathala Ngaphansi Kwengcindezi Eshisayo
Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okuphindaphindiwe kudala ingcindezi yokushisa ngaphakathi kwamabhawudi. Imijikelezo yokwandisa nokufinyela ekugcineni ingabangela imifantu emincane.
Ukwehluleka ukukhathala kuvame ukukhula kancane kancane futhi kungase kungabonakali izimpawu ngaphambi kokuphuka kungazelelwe.
Amabhawudi ensimbi{0}ezinga eliphezulu{0}esingxubevange ensimbi aphathwa kahle ukushisa ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ukumelana nokukhathala okuqinile. Ukulayisha kuqala nokufaka itorque nakho kusiza ukunciphisa ingcindezi yokukhathala.
Ukumelana ne-Oxidation kanye nokukala Ukumelana
Ukuchayeka kokushisa okuqhubekayo kungase kubangele i-oxidation endaweni yebhawodi. I-oxidation yenza izinto zibe buthaka futhi yehlise impilo yesevisi.
Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, ezinye izinsimbi zakha izingqimba ze-oxide eziwugqinsi ezaziwa ngokuthi ukukala. Ukukala okukhulu kungalimaza izintambo futhi kunciphise ukuthembeka kokubopha.
Insimbi engagqwali ne-nickel alloy bolts inikeza ukumelana okungcono kwe-oxidation ngoba izakhi zawo eziyingxubevange zakha izendlalelo ze-oxide ezivikelayo ezibambezela ukugqwala okuqhubekayo.
Khetha Idizayini Elungile ye-Bolt kanye nendlela yokufaka
Idizayini efanele yebhawudi kanye nokufakwa kubalulekile ekugcineni ukuqina kwamalungu{0}}kumasistimu okushisa aphezulu.
Ukukhetha usayizi we-Bolt Ofanele kanye Nohlobo Lwentambo
Ububanzi bebholidi nomklamo wentambo kuthinta amandla okubamba nokuzinza kokushisa.
Amabhawodi amakhulu ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngomthamo ophezulu wokulayisha, kodwa usayizi webhawodi owedlulele ungase udale ukucindezelwa okushisayo okungadingekile.
Ama-coarse-ama-thread bolt asetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zemboni ngoba amelana nokulimala kwentambo futhi asebenza kahle ezindaweni ezingcolile. Amabhawodi{2}}emicu ahlinzeka ngokulawula ukulayisha kuqala okungcono kanye nokumelana nokudlidliza okuthuthukisiwe.
I-torque efanele kanye nokulawula ukulayisha kuqala
Ukulayisha kuqala ibhawudi okulungile kubalulekile-ezinhlelweni zokushisa eziphakeme. Ukushisa okudlulele kunganciphisa ukulayishwa kuqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokuwohloka kwe-creep.
Ngaphansi kokuthi-ukuqina kungase kuvumele ukunyakaza nokuvuza kwamalunga, kuyilapho{1}}ukuqinisa ngokweqile kungase konakalise ibhawodi noma kusheshise ukukhathala okubalulekile.
Ama-torque wrenches, ama-hydraulic tensioner, nezinhlelo zokuqapha ukulayisha kuqala zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okunembile.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamawasha kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiya
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu nokudlidliza kungase kuxegise izinsimbi kancane kancane. Amasistimu wokukhiya asiza ukugcina ukuzinza kwamalungu ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Izixazululo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
Amawasha{0}}okumelana nokushisa
Khiya amantongomane
Amawasha asentwasahlobo
Imishini yokukhiya imishini
Ukuhambisana Kokunwebeka Kwezishisayo
Izinto ezihlukene zikhula ngamanani ahlukene uma kushisa. Uma ama-bolt nezingxenye ezixhunyiwe zinama-coefficients okwandisa ukushisa ahluke kakhulu, ukucindezeleka ngokweqile kungase kuthuthuke ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Ukukhetha izinto ezihambisanayo kunciphisa ukucindezeleka okushisayo futhi kuthuthukisa ukwethembeka okuhlangene.
Onjiniyela kufanele futhi bacabangele idizayini ehlanganyelwe ngokucophelela ukuze bavumele ukunyakaza okushisayo okulawulwayo lapho kunesidingo.
Linganisa Amazinga, Ukuhlola, Nokwethenjwa Komhlinzeki
Amabhawodi anokwethenjelwa aphezulu{0}ezinga lokushisa kufanele ahlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zekhwalithi futhi abhekane nezinqubo zokuhlola zobungcweti.
Amazinga Omkhakha-Amabhawudi Okushisa Aphezulu
Amabhawodi ezimboni ngokuvamile ahambisana namazinga afana nalawa:
I-ASTM
I-ASME
ISO
I-DIN
SAE
{{0}Izindlela Zokuhlola Izinga lokushisa Eliphezulu
Abakhiqizi abangochwepheshe benza izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene ukuze baqinisekise ukusebenza kwebhawodi.
Izindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile zifaka:
Ukuhlola{0}}okuphakeme kwezinga lokushisa
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Creep
Ukuhlolwa kokukhathala okushisayo
Ukuhlola ukugqwala kwesifutho sikasawoti
Ukuhlolwa kokuqina
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi Nokulandelela
Izinhlelo zokusebenza{0}eziphezulu zezinga lokushisa ngokuvamile zidinga ukulandeleka okuphelele kokubalulekile.
Abakhiqizi abathembekile bagcina amasistimu okulawula ikhwalithi aqinile afaka:
Ukuhlola impahla eluhlaza
Ukuqapha ukwelashwa kokushisa
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dimensional
Ukuhlonza inqwaba
Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kokugcina
Isiphetho
Ukukhetha amabhawodi alungile{0}}ezindawo zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kudinga ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezimo zokusebenza, izici zebalulekile, amandla emishini, nezindlela zokuzifaka. Ukushisa okudlulele kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwebhawodi ngokunciphisa amandla aqinile, kusheshise i-oxidation, futhi kubangele ukuwohloka kwe-creep.
-Ikhwalithi ephezulu yokushisa-amabhawodi aqinile athuthukisa ukuthembeka kwemishini, agcine ukuqina kwamalungu, futhi anciphise ubungozi bokuhluleka okungalindelekile. Izinto ezifana nensimbi ye-alloy, insimbi engagqwali, nama-nickel alloys kunikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni okudingayo.
Abathengi bezimboni akufanele bagxile enanini kuphela kodwa futhi{0}}nokuqina kwesikhathi eside, amazinga okuhlola, nokwethembeka kwabahlinzeki. Ngokukhetha amabhawodi aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile izimo zokushisa eziphakeme, izinkampani zingathuthukisa ukuphepha kokusebenza, zehlise izindleko zokulungisa, futhi zelule impilo yesevisi yemishini.
